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AoS5 - Structure & Form

Binary

Ternary

Rondo

AOS5 - Key Words

Binary Two sections of roughly equal length 
   
    First section (A) is then answered by the second section (B)
    Each section is usually repeated

       
Ternary Built up in three sections: A, B, A 
    
     Section B contains a contrast in some way to Section A. 
     The repeat of Section A can be exactly the same as the first time or it may 
have added detail to make it more interesting 


Call and Response A musical phrase is sung by one person or musician and is followed by a responding phrase by one person or a group of musicians. 
   
     Common in traditional African Music and African-American music like Gospel   
     Think ‘Oh happy days’



Rondo A main theme (A) keeps on returning between contrasting sections 
   
     Would have the structure A, B, A, C, A, D, A and so on   
     The contrasting sections are called episodes   
     Rondo is an example of a multi-sectional for as it has more forms than 
binary or ternary   
     A composer may change the repeats in some way each time and other 
sections may be repeated 
     Therefore this would still count as a Rondo: A, B, A, C, A, B, A as it has 
returned to A between each episode 

 
Theme and Variations - Involves starting a piece with a main theme which is then repeated several times, but changing or‘varying’ each time 
   
    
May be changed in tempo, style, instruments, rhythm, anything 
    But the main theme is usually in binary or ternary form and is often very 
memorable


Arch-Shape- This form is completely symmetrical
  
     
The plan of the music resembles an arch; A, B, C, B, A 

 
Cyclic Form - Constant repetition of a fixed number of beats or melodic pattern

    During each cycle these patterns can be repeated and developed through improvisation, or changes in texture or dynamics    
 
   Common in Africa, India, and Asia 

 
Popular Song Forms
- Be able to recognise verse, chorus, bridge 
  
     Some may also involve Intro and Outro, Fills and Middle 8s


Ballad – A common form of pop music; often romantic it is a song that tells a story.

         
Ground Bass - A melody in the bass (the lowest part) that is repeated through out the music

    Harmony and Melody may keep changing around the ground bass
    May be known as a Riff in popular music


Continuo/Basso Continuo The Baroque orchestra also used a ‘continuo’ part beneath these instruments – a bass instrument (cello or bassoon usually) and harpsichord or organ - to fill out the harmonies. This would be the equivalent today of bass guitar and keyboard/guitar in the group – it provided the backdrop to the rest of the music


Pedal note A sustained (held) or repeated note, usually in the bass.  The harmony on top of a pedal note must change while the pedal note stays the same or it is not a pedal note. It may be a Tonic pedal or a Dominant pedal note.

Fugue a polyphonic piece where each part enters with the same tune (at different pitches) and develops each one independently. It is similar to a canon but more complex with modulations, a development section and an ‘exposition’ where the opening section returns.

Concerto – A piece of classical music for a soloist accompanied by an orchestra. Usually has 3 movements (fast – slow – fast).

Concerto Grosso – In the Baroque times you could also get a Concerto Grosso which meant that in this case there were a small group of soloists rather than just one


All forms used in vocal music -  

Strophic – When the same tune is repeated throughout for each verse. Think 
hymn tunes or Adele’s ‘Make you feel my love’ 

Through-Composed– Opposite of Strophic. When new music occurs for each 
verse, changing to reflect different moods or situations described
in the

lyrics

Aria– A solo singer sings a melody with orchestral accompaniment. Found 
frequently through operas
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